Battle of Vincennes

Clark's men moving in the river

-On January 29, 1779, Francis Vigo, an Italian fur trader, came to Kaskaskia to inform Clark about Hamilton's reoccupation of Vincennes. Clark decided that he needed to launch a surprise winter attack on Vincennes before Hamilton could recapture the Illinois country in the spring. 
-On February 6, 1779, Clark set out for Vincennes with 127 volunteers, nearly half of them French militia from Kaskaskia. Captain Bowman was second-in-command on the expedition. While Clark and his men marched across country, 40 men left in an armed row-galley, which was to be stationed on the Wabash River below Vincennes to prevent the British from escaping by water.
-Clark and his men marched into Vincennes, entering the town in two divisions, one commanded by Clark and the other by Bowman. Taking advantage of a slight elevation of land which concealed his men but allowed their flags to be seen, Clark moved his troops to create the impression that 1,000 men were approaching. While Clark and Bowman secured the town, a signal was sent to begin firing at Fort Sackville. 
-Despite the commotion, Hamilton did not realize the fort was under attack until one of his men was wounded by a bullet coming through a window.
-Clark received local help: villagers gave him powder and ammunition they had hidden from the British, and Young Tobacco, a Piankeshaw chief, offered to have his 100 men assist in the attack.

-Clark and Bowman met with Hamilton and signed terms of surrender. Since they had him surrounded in a church because Hamilton sent men to kill Clark and Bowman but Clark took his precautions an captured Hamilton's killers.
This battle demonstrated Clark's strategy abilities for seizing a town already captured by British troops.

Rogers Clark

Vincennes at the year of 1763

Marquis de Lafayette

The French were strong allies to the American soldiers, many of the officials sent from France were training the voluntary farmers that joined the Continental Army and turned them into more prepared militia troops. One of the officials that were very important to the Revolutionary War was Marquis de Lafayette.

He was born in September 6, 1757 and his real name was Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier and decided to shorten it to Gilbert du Motier and finally known as Marquis de Lafayette. When he was 16 he was already the Captain of the French cavalry. 

-Years later when he knew about all the commotion in America he decided to purchase a sailboat to go to America as a volunteer fighter. When he joined in 1777 he received the rank of Major General and assigned to be in the staff of George Washington. He served with distinction and made the Patriots to win many battles. After the British surrender at Yorktown, Marquis decided to return home and he was a hero for the United States of America.

Marquis leading a group of Patriots

-At home he decided to work closely with the Ambassadors Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.

-Years later he was a contribution to the French Revolution because he decided to make a National Assembly and establish a constitutional monarchy.

- He died in 1834 at the age of 77.

  

The French Alliance with Americans

Many people may say that the French were American allies since the Battle of Saratoga but it is no true, the French helped the Patriots secretly by sending supplies into American lands, without this support of the French, the Patriots would have been defeated by shortage of ammo, food or other supplies since the Patriots were in boycotts and war. The Battle of Saratoga only encouraged the French to make an open alliance with the Patriots since they have demonstrated that they can make surrender the most strong army of that period of History.

Organizing the Treaty of Alliance

To make the open alliance, the Americans sent their best diplomats: Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane and Arthur Lee. The King Louis XVI approved the alliance and everyone signed the Treaty of Amity & Commerce (Recognizance of the United States as an independent nation and promote trade between this two countries) and the Treaty of Alliance (The French would backup the United States Forces until the full independence from the British).
France sent about 12,000 soldiers and 32,000 sailors to the New World, including Marquis de Lafayette who became Washington's good friend.

Washington and Lafayette 

Arthur Lee

Silas Deane

Benjamin Franklin

Battle of Saratoga

This battle took place in the year of 1777, October 17 and, of course, its location in Saratoga near the Hudson River, in the New York State. The reason this battle occurred was because the British wanted to isolate the New England colonies, they sent heavy backup to support this plan but the American soldiers were waiting them to fall in their trap. Thanks to this battle the French decided to make an open alliance with the American forces.

Battle Overview

-Stats-

-Combatants: British and German troops against the Americans.
-Generals: Major General John Burgoyne commanded the British and German force. Major General Horatio Gates and Brigadier Benedict Arnold commanded the American army.
-Size of the armies: The British force comprised some 5,000 British, Brunswicks, Canadians and Indians. At the start of the battle there was no account for the number of American forces, but by the time of the surrender the American force was around 12,000 to 14,000 militia and troops.
-Winner: The Americans forced the surrender of Burgoyne forces.
This encounter was also known as The Battle of Freeman's Farm. The way the Patriots made Burgoyne to surrender was that Simon Fraser (British) was mortally wounded and out of combat, Benedict Arnold advanced to encourage his men to keep on the fight, but Arnold was wounded but not mortally. Burgoyne awaited Colonel Clinton's backup but the Patriots intercepted, captured and hanged the messengers of Burgoyne and Clinton. Burgoyne awaited Clinton until October 17, 1777 but he surrendered his men to General Gates to avoid his men getting killed.
-Casualties: Of the 7,000 British and Germans who marched from Canada only 3,500 were fit for living another day to fight at the surrender.

Simon Fraser Death

Burgoyne's Surrender

Battle of Trenton

Delaware Crossing

December 25, 1776 George Washington decides to act in the method of the surprise after the British and German troops celebrated their Christmas Night. The Delaware Crossing was when Washington and his men moved out to through the semi-frozen water in the river.






Size of the armies: 2,400 American troops with 18 guns. 1,400 Hessians with 6 light guns.
This fight was taken in with silence and stealth that is why they sent few weapons
Casualties: The only American casualties were the wounds recieved to Cpt. William Washington and Lt. James Monroe. It is said that in addition two American soldiers froze to death. The Hessians suffered 20 killed and around 100 wounded. 1,000 were captured.

Streets of Trenton

The Germans tried to get into the town but they failed since the Patriots were firing heavy artillery over them from the cannons commanded by Cpt. Alexander Hamilton. Colonel Rahl suffered the gun-firing of the Patriots on the way of his getaway, he was sentenced with a fatal shot and surrendered in hands of Washington.

Washington ordering to open fire

The Capture of New York

A British strategic movement that they thought that the American Army would retreat since New York represented a Headquarter or second capital.
The capturing of New York is known as the Battle of Long Island it took place in the year of 1776 the 27th of August.
Combatants: British and the American Continental Army
Generals: Major General Lord Howe and General George Washington
Size of the armies in battle: 20,000 British and Hessian Troops and around 10,000 Americans
Winner: The British drove the Americans from Brooklyn and forced them to evacuate New York

Troop Fromations

Washington had in mind that Howe would attack again after the defeat in Boston of 1776, when the Patriots gained Boston. The British crossed the river until they got to Long Island. The Patriots could hold them but the British received reinforcements in the head was Major General Clinton with more Redcoats that doubled the number of Patriots.

Clinton's Reinforcements

Casualties: British casualties were around 400 while the Americans lost around 2,000 and several guns.

George Washington

Siege of Fort Ticonderoga

From the aftermath from this battle came the backup cannons that helped in the recapture of Boston and removing the British soldiers and loyalists that were inside the city.
This battle took place in the year of 1777 the 6th of July.

-Place: Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain, New York State in the United States of America.
-Combatants: British, Hessians and Brunswickers against the American Colonists.
-Generals: Major General John Burgoyne commanded the British and Major General Arthur St Clair commanded the American troops.
-Size of the armies: 7,213 regular British, Hessian and Brunswick troops, a varying but large contingent of Native Americans and some 150 Canadians against some 3,000 American troops.
Winner: The British when the Americans escaped to avoid a bloodbath.
Casualties: Casualties were only a few dozen on each side.

Map of the British and German movement

St. Clair, savior of the Fort's men

General St. Clair stated that the retreat was necessary to avoid a great number of casualties of valuable guns and men that in the future battles hepled with all they had.

Battle of Bunker Hill

A briefing of the following battle in the Revolutionary War:
-Date: 17 June 1775
-Place: On the Charlestown Peninsula on the North side of Boston Harbour.

Map of the Battle Bunker Hill

-Combatants: British troops of the Boston garrison against troops of the American Continental Army.
-Generals: Major General Howe against General Artemas Ward and General Israel Putnam
-Size of the armies: 2,400 Redcoats against 1,500 Americans
-Combatants: British grenadiers, light infantry and battalion companies.
American militia with muskets or light firearms found.

British Redcoats and Grenadiers uniform

-Casualties: The British suffered some 1,150 killed and wounded or nearly half of the force engaged. The American casualties were estimated at 450 killed and wounded.
-Follow-up: The British took over the Bunker and Breed’s Hill positions and fortified them, holding them until they evacuated Boston at the end of the year. The battle was the first action for the Continental Army and showed how much work there was to be done in moulding an effective army. While most of the soldiers in the entrenched works fought tenaciously, the intended reinforcements on Bunker Hill refused to advance to the support of their comrades and there was the greatest confusion between the officers.
-Winner: While the British drove the Americans from the Charlestown peninsula it was with heavy loss. The battle was at the time considered to be an American defeat but has since been lifted to the ranks of a heroic stands against forces of oppression.

A More direct view to the Battle of Bunker Hill

Gnl. Warren in the arms of a Patriot comrade

Duringg the battle of Bunker Hill, in its climax, the General Warren was Killed in Action while they retreated after the turmoil in Breed's Hill Ward.

Future Meeting- Second Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress finished its jobs and was adjourned but in the late October of 1774 they thought it would be very useful another meeting if the circumstances dictated. Later with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the planning of put Boston under Patriot seize made the meeting very necessary, so all the delegates of the 13 colonies gathered one more time in the Carpenter Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 10 of 1775. 

 The Second Continental Congress had as head John Hancock and two brand new members Thomas Jefferson (3rd President of USA) and Benjamin Franklin (Electricity Discover and Light-bulb inventor). Congress lacked the legal authority to govern, but boldly assumed that responsibility.



When they took over the matters of the war. Their major contributions were:
- Military Matters- The formation of the Continental Army leaded by George Washington also with the appointed generals: Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler and Israel Putnam
- Statements of Position- The Olive Branch Petition denied by the king and the king only sent more Redcoats to America.
- Financing the War- The effort to raise money for paying soldiers and purchasing arms and supplies remained a problem for much of the war. Many of their men or supplies were voluntarily given out.
- Independence- Richard Henry Lee resolutions to promote independence also to the contribution of Thomas Paine to gain independence with the book Common Sense
- Opening of Diplomatic Channels- The Franco-American Alliance in 1778 thanks to Silas Deane who was dispatched to France in search of support.
- Legislation- Even with the lack of legal authority they were decided to form up the Confederation.

Continental Army Members Discussing Strategy

Battle of Concord

This is a second battle that lead to the 13 Colonies to the Independence and call themselves the United States of America.

 April 19, 1775, also the town of Concord was alerted of the British Redcoats by the Dr. Samuel Prescott, the bell rang to call in the Minutemen, several hundreds of these men were in a stand-by and started a slow march to the town center but when they saw the Redcoats they ran to go under some cover by the hilltop out of town. The British troops were searching two things: the destruction of the weapons and eat some breakfast. They searched many houses to destroy any weapon and purchase food to the colonists since it was approximately 7:30 in the morning. The militia thought that the Redcoats were burning their homes so they moved from their positions and hided in the town and opened fire the British returned fire and retreated to Boston but even if the Redcoats were running back to Boston the Minutemen fired against the Redcoats. They were angered by the militia because they didn't confronted them face to face instead of hiding and shoot.

Conflict at the Bridge

Battles of Lexington and Concord Aftermath

Joseph Warren

 One of these days heroes was the Field Surgeon Dr. Joseph Warren, Patriot leader who risked his life repeatedly by attending the wounded and the dying.
The British suffered horribly, listing 73 killed, 174 wounded, and 26 missing. The Americans listed 49 killed, 39 wounded and five as missing. The colonists received a tremendous boost in morale by embarrassing the vaunted British army.

Battle of Lexington

April 19, 1775 The early months of 1775 were a period of great anxiety in Boston, insults and fights between the Redcoats and American were commonplace. The tension was increased by economic dislocation. In the town of Lexington, west of Boston, the residents had been preparing for a fight they thought was imminent. They had accumulated powder, guns and bullets during the winter. The presence of John Hancock and Samuel Adams the two men most wanted by Royal Authorities, made Lexington a logical choice for the Redcoats' attention. Also, the neighbor town of Concord had stashed the stockpiled gunpowder and weapons.

The British had marked these two objectives and mobilized to arrest the members of the Congress and retrieve the gunpowder. Thanks to Paul Revere and William Dawes the towns got notice of the approaching hoard of Redcoats. The towns' militia minutemen gathered in the Lexington "Town Green" or Central Park As the British advance party approached shortly after dawn, 77 Minutemen were instructed by Captain Parker: "Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here." The British commander, who was pleasantly surprised by the small size of the American force, ordered the colonists to throw down their arms and disperse. But at this actions a shot was fired and it started a cross-firing which ended with 8 deaths and 10 wounded to the Militia and wounds to the Redcoats.

Lexington's Aftermath

The Colonists Form the First Continental Congress

After the Boston Tea Party Event, the Parliament and British Crown took serious measures to gain control over the rebellious Bostonians.
The Parliament passed 5 different Acts in the year of 1774, the acts were known as the Coercive Acts in England and known as Intolerable Acts in the American colonies.

The Coercive Acts were all passed in the year of 1774:
- The Administration of Justice Act- The trials of British officials were moved to other colony or to England if the officials would be judged unfairly by the people in the colony were the murder or homicide took place.

- The Quebec Act- it only extended the Canadian frontier taking the colonies territory. It wasn't considered as damaging as the other acts.

- The Massachusetts Government Act-The governor was elected by the king not by the colonists' elected assemblies.

- The Quartering Act- The act was reestablished for the British troops guarding the town of Boston. The Bostonian had to give food and a room to the Redcoats when they don't had any room in the encampment.

- The Boston Port Act- The Boston Harbor was closed to all shipping except for coasters carrying necessary fuel and supplies. Custom services were moved to Salem and Marblehead.

 The colonists wouldn't stay doing nothing so they decided to take action since they thought that the Acts were taking away their liberty. In September 5, 1774 chosen delegates of every colonies, except Georgia. The delegates met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the Carpenter's Hall. Some of the most prominent of the 55 delegates were George Washington, Samuel and John Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Jay and John Dickinson.
Many actions were taken by the Congress but the major actions were:
- Suffolk Resolves
- Galloway Plan of Union
- The Association
- Declaration of Rights and Grievances
- Future Meeting ( Second Continental Congress)

Members of the Congress

Continental Congress Meeting

The Boston Tea Party

This small post is dedicated to a very important event that followed the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party.
It was no boycott but a kind of Public Sabotage performed by the Sons of Liberty but they disguised themselves as Indians for getting access to the 3 ships that were in the Boston Harbor that night of December in 1773.
Why they did this? Well, after the Boston Massacre, the Parliament backed-off and retired all Redcoats and most of the Townshend Acts except the Tea Tax.

The following passage is directly from the words of a Son of Liberty named George Hewes participating in the operation:
"It was now evening, and I immediately dressed myself in the costume of an Indian, equipped with a small hatchet, which I and my associates denominated the tomahawk, with which, and a club, after having painted my face and hands with coal dust in the shop of a blacksmith, I repaired to Griffin's wharf, where the ships lay that contained the tea. When I first appeared in the street after being thus disguised, I fell in with many who were dressed, equipped and painted as I was, and who fell in with me and marched in order to the place of our destination.
When we arrived at the wharf, there were three of our number who assumed an authority to direct our operations, to which we readily submitted. They divided us into three parties, for the purpose of boarding the three ships which contained the tea at the same time. The name of him who commanded the division to which I was assigned was Leonard Pitt. The names of the other commanders I never knew. We were immediately ordered by the respective commanders to board all the ships at the same time, which we promptly obeyed. The commander of the division to which I belonged, as soon as we were on board the ship, appointed me boatswain, and ordered me to go to the captain and demand of him the keys to the hatches and a dozen candles. I made the demand accordingly, and the captain promptly replied, and delivered the articles; but requested me at the same time to do no damage to the ship or rigging. We then were ordered by our commander to open the hatches and take out all the chests of tea and throw them overboard, and we immediately proceeded to execute his orders, first cutting and splitting the chests with our tomahawks, so as thoroughly to expose them to the effects of the water.

In about three hours from the time we went on board, we had thus broken and thrown overboard every tea chest to be found in the ship, while those in the other ships were disposing of the tea in the same way, at the same time. We were surrounded by British armed ships, but no attempt was made to resist us.

...The next morning, after we had cleared the ships of the tea, it was discovered that very considerable quantities of it were floating upon the surface of the water; and to prevent the possibility of any of its being saved for use, a number of small boats were manned by sailors and citizens, who rowed them into those parts of the harbor wherever the tea was visible, and by beating it with oars and paddles so thoroughly drenched it as to render its entire destruction inevitable."
To view the extra info and more about the statement of Mr.Hewes in this event check out here!Boston Tea Party, 1773

New Taxes Equals New Protests

The Crown's Chief Financial Officer, Charles Townshend, thought that the colonists would agree with indirect taxes on commerce. In 1767 the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which levied new import duties to items used daily as glass, lead, paint, tea and paper. This taxes would be used to pay the governors and judges in colonies and control them.

"Oh Lord, here it comes!" "Again?!"

   1. Violence Erupts in Boston
To protest against this new tax-collecting Act, a circulaar letter was passed by the Massachusetts Legislature and this threw in motion The Massachusetts Government Act by the Parliament, which appointed a selected-by-the-king Governor and cut the ability to govern themselves.
In June 1768 a boat called Liberty and leaded by John Hancock was captured by the British since the boat smuggled items under the Townshend Acts.
John Hancock- a prominent politician and wealthy merchant thanks to the smuggling.
With the seizure of the Liberty, lead many riots against custom officers. In order to suppress this riots, 4,000 British troops, or better called as Redcoats, were sent to occupy Boston (Population- 16,000). Anger and hate grew in the colonists since Redcoats were translating from their encampments to colonial houses and taking small jobs for their own.
In March 5, 1770 a group of Bostonians went angry to the Boston's Custom House and threw rocks with snowballs to the soldiers and the building, to counter-attack the soldiers fired and took 5 colonists lives. This event was eventually known as the Boston Massacre.

Sailor Crispus Attucks

Crispus Attucks- Runaway slave who worked under the command of Samuel Adams as a sailor. Crispus was one of the killed colonists of the Boston Massacre.
Finally Samuel Adams integrated the Committee of Correspondence by 1773 and this gave the colonies the ability of communication between them.

Colonial Protest Intensify on the Stamp Act

The colonists protested in three different forms:
-Intellectual Protests- people wrote pamphlets, drafted resolutions, gave speeches and delivered sermons.
-Economic Boycotts- to abstain of buying or using British goods.
-Violent Intimidations- Angry mobs destroying tax collector's offices and houses.
This three forces combined made the Parliament to back down.

John Adams

John Adams- He was very impressed in the political surge in the colonies since he was a Massachusetts lawyer. Later he became the second President of USA.

   1. Enlightenment Ideas
Colonial Protest was based on the Liberty of the Enlightenment
Baron de Montesquieu and John Locke were some of the Enlightenment members who thought that every man was born with "divine rights"(Life,liberty, and property rights). Others of their thoughts was that the government had to protect their people otherwise the people can overthrow that government.
Patrick Henry, a young Virginia representative, was inspired in this Enlightenment Movement run a radical document called the Virginia Resolves which argued that the assemblies could tax the colonists.
May 30, 1765- The House of Burgesses adopted 4 of the 6 statements of the Virginia Resolves because the other two were too radical, but the newspaper printed all the Resolves making the thought that the whole document was accepted.

   2. Patriot Leaders Emerge

Sons Of Liberty

The colonists worked together to fight the Stamp Act and created a fragile American unity and called themselves as the Patriots as the rejected British taxes. Samuel Adams founded the association of "The Sons of Liberty".
In August 1765 an angry mob led by the Sons of Liberty tore down an office and house of a tax collector in Boston. The Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson denounced the riots and said that colonists had the legal duty of paying taxes but a mob destroyed his house. By the end of the year, every tax collector in Boston resigned.
 
   3.Leaders Organize Boycotts
Colonists leaders opposed taxes and feared angry mobs, they thought it would be better to organize the rebels so 9 of the 13 colonies sent Delegates to The Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 to organize boycotts and protestant activities an example is the consumer boycott, women played an important role in this boycott since they made the clothes if they were not going to buy the British clothes the women were known as the Daughters of Liberty.
Finally the Stamp Act was repelled in 1766 even though the stubborn Parliament imposed other Acts for collecting more taxes.

New Taxes Upset the Colonists

The French and Indian War Aftermath to the British was the doubled size of their territory in America but doubled the size of the National Debt in England. The British had to pay more taxes than the colonists. The Parliament stated that the colonists could and should pay more taxes since the war was fought in America.

   1. The Sugar, Quartering and Stamp Acts

 Many colonial merchants became even more wealthier by avoiding custom's taxes by smuggling their merchandise or paying bribes to the officers.
In 1764 a new Prime Minister of Britain, George Grenville, proposed to collect the taxes already implanted by the law. One of these laws was the Sugar Act and when it was up to take effect, it lowered the taxes in molasses (thick syrup produced during the refining of sugar) still he assigned customs officer sand created courts to collect taxes, also the persecution of smugglers, and hoped colonists would pay more taxes.

 Other law called the Quartering Act, was applied during the war, it stated that the colonists had to provide a room and food to British troops who had to defend the Frontiers or fight in war front-lines. To the safety of the colonies many of the colonists approved the Quartering Act.

  In March 1765 came other law, the Stamp Act, which made every printed material to have a tax as the newspaper, books, contracts, land deeds and court documents. Everyone of this papers had to have a stamp.

  



   2. Taxation Without Representation
All colonists were against the Stamp Act which was going to take effect the November of that same year of 1765. The colonists argued that they didn't have any representation in the Parliament so the Parliament had no right to levy taxes to the colonists, they also thought that of the Parliament added more taxes it would liberty and property of colonists in political rights. The Parliament thought the colonists as selfish and narrow minded people. This is the start of Colonial Protests against the Stamp Act.

The Causes of the American Revolution

The following text can shows the relationship between American and British Governments.

A. The Colonists' Political Heritage

The Americans believed that the greatest government of the world was the British one thanks to the due process of common law controlled by the Parliament (the law administration of justice according to established rules and principles), trails by jury and freedom of press from prior censorship and levied (imposed) their own laws.

  

    1. British Government is a Model

 The British government had two branches:

a.) Executive Branch- carried by the Monarch

b.) Legislative Branch- carried by the Parliament divided into the House of Lords(Elite Class) and House of Commons(elected people).

The Colonists divided into:

a.) Elected assembly

b.) Council of prominent colonists

Also their governor was appointed by the king. The colonists couldn't elect members of the Parliament since they do not had any representatives of America colonies.

- Lord North, the Prime Minister, insisted "I can never agree in the absurd opinion that all men are equal".

This showed how the rest is divided into social classes.

    2. Differences in Colonial Government

  Colonial Politics had several differences with the British Model:

-The Colonists had a Constitution while the British had a collection of laws joined through time.

-2/3 of the free colonial men were allowed to vote while the 1/4 of the British could vote.

By the years of 1760 was an upheaval in Europe and caused a distraction to the British and the American colonies had more freedom from English power.

In the Colonies the wealthy persons were the ones who controlled the people. The Parliament tried to levy taxes to the colonists to gain money to pay the governors to make them move to the Parliament's side.

The taxes were needed for the paying of the debts from the French and Indian War.

Elected Assembly (Colonies)

The Parliament Nowadays

The French and Indian War, A Great Influence in the American Revolution.

Many can confuse this war as the war between French and Native Americans, but the war was between the British and the French allied with the Native Americans, these people were fighting for the Ohio River Valley.
-In the command of the British troops was a younger George Washington.
-This war was named as the 7 Year War in Europe.
In 1756 to 1757 the French attacked and destroyed Forts in the area of Lake Ontario and Lake George, the Natives raided the Frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia.
In 1758 to 1759 the war shifted in favor of the British, they cutted-off lines of supplies of the French and the Natives left the French alone since the French did not have any more trading supplies.
-British forces captured Forts in the area of St. Lawrence River and the capture of Quebec's Stronghold (French HeadQuarters)
- In 1760, Montreal was captured making the surrender of the French in the Canada area with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. This expanded greatly the British Empire to the North and the West.